Kutzkir M. S. Psychological properties of horting in the upbringing of children and youth
Horting as a complex type of martial art carries both philosophical and psychological levers in the upbringing of children and young men, which is based on the principles of sports training as a multi-year, year-round, specially organized educational and training process of comprehensive development, training and moral and ethical education of athletes.
The main tasks and basic means of basic training of children as athletes were developed by specialists of the National Horting Federation of Ukraine, divided primarily into age stages of multi-year training. Thus, according to the program for training athletes in the process of multi-year training, three age zones and five stages of multi-year training are distinguished:
Age zones:
- age zone of first successes;
- age zone of optimal results;
- age zone of maintaining high results;
Stages of multi-year training:
1. The first stage - initiation into combat horting (6-8 years) - stage of initial training;
2. The second stage – general improvement (8-12 years) – the stage of preliminary basic training of young athletes of horting;
3. The third stage – special basic training (13-15 years);
4. The fourth stage – preparation for higher achievements (16-17 years);
5. The fifth stage – preparation for higher achievements (over 17 years).
Returning to the first stage of initial training (6-8 years), the main tasks and means of which are comprehensive physical training and mastering the basics of combat horting, development of speed and strength capabilities, development of functional capabilities of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, involvement in competitive activities, theoretical classes, testing, special attention should be paid to the fact that: almost all children come to the combat horting club with a desire to learn, they treat combat horting lessons as a serious, socially important activity. In the first days of training in the combat horting club, almost every child tries to treat their studies conscientiously. Almost every child at this time has a certain idea of the ideal combat horting athlete. True, this ideal is still quite vague, but it plays an important role in the mechanism of children's attitude to learning. However, after some time, the attitude of individual children to combat horting lessons changes. In the wrong approach of the coach to the educational process in combat horting, a significant part of the club's students after three to four months begins to show indifference to classes, unwillingness to attend horting sections. The main reason for these negative phenomena is the imperfection of the organization of the educational process, which is manifested in insufficient activation of combat horting educational activities in children, in particular their thinking, in excessive enthusiasm for exercises aimed at the formation of various skills. To strengthen the positive attitude of children to combat horting classes, it is important to take into account the individual differences of children, remembering that among them there are confident and insecure children, that there are children who try to be active, thereby demonstrating their attitude to the club and the coach, but there are also those who strive to be unnoticed in the combat horting club, do not clearly express their attitude to the club. The attitude of children to the coach is also important in combat horting training. When beginners come to the club, especially those who have attended kindergarten, they do not immediately get used to the way the coach treats them. Only over time, the duration of which largely depends on the personal qualities of the coach, do new businesslike and at the same time trusting relationships with them for children be established. As a rule, at 6-7 years old, children do not show a critical attitude towards the coach, they fulfill all his requirements, love and respect him for what he teaches them. Children associate the coach's demandingness and restraint with the seriousness of a new type of activity for them - combat horting classes. A critical attitude appears in 8-year-old children if the coach makes mistakes in the educational process of combat horting classes. Eight-year-old children cease to be egocentric and pay great attention to the world around them, they like to communicate with other children, but they would like to take their own place among their peers. Most children are happy to help their parents with the household, show interest in those younger than them and in those older. The most important thing at the first stage of young athletes (6-8 years old) is the coach's individual approach to each child and the identification of capable students and their preliminary selection for combat horting, fostering interest in sports, hard work and discipline.
The second stage – general improvement (8-12 years) – the stage of preliminary basic training of young athletes of combat horting, the main tasks and means of which are:
Theoretical classes, testing, exercises for the development of physical qualities, strengthening of the musculoskeletal system, formation of motor skills and abilities, special attention should be paid to the fact that: this is the age of intensive growth and development of all systems of the children's body. High motor activity and significant development of motor functions allow us to consider this age more favorable for the beginning of regular combat horting classes. At this age, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the child's psyche changes dramatically, the child becomes unrestrained, easily enters into conflict. During this period, children want to feel more adult, and therefore sometimes begin to be in opposition to older children. They have a constant internal struggle. They are looking for a hero who would be worthy of imitation. And these heroes are, as a rule, movie characters, musicians, athletes, etc. The danger is that children often do not think about character traits, moral principles and attitude to their ideals. Therefore, the main task of the coach is to direct their interest and create an atmosphere of a club team in combat horting, so that children take an example from the older talented students of the club. So that combat systems and arts built on the psychological aspects of upbringing, built on a universal worldview, become an educational system for children that is able to influence the minds of children, distract them from bad habits, and direct them to a healthy life. One of the main means of preventing deviations in children's behavior is considered to be their assimilation of knowledge about established rules and norms, the formation of positive habits and qualities. All children, both stronger and weaker, need an individual approach. Children who are capable of learning combat horting, as a rule, easily acquire knowledge, skills and abilities, but sometimes they get carried away (especially when they are very praised), which negatively affects their success and development of abilities. Therefore, at this age, an individual approach to each young athlete should be more justified.
The third stage - special basic training (13-15 years old) - the main tasks and main means of the stage of special basic training include: exercises aimed at improving the functional state, increasing physical performance and special endurance; outdoor games: soft-surface rugby, mini-football, table tennis; theoretical classes on a special program; competitions in combat horting forms and demonstrations of basic elements, general and basic training.
This age is called puberty, the period of sexual maturation, adolescence, the transitional period, etc. Each of the names, in principle, reflects its features. It is divided into two phases: negative (critical, 11-13 years) and positive (13-16 years). By the age of senior adolescence, the setting of priorities changes, by 13-15 years a person becomes more mature and responsible. First of all, it should be noted that this age is difficult not only because “hormones are playing”. The teenager has come out of the age when everything was clear and stable. He was a child, he had favorite toys and games, the behavior and status of a person dependent on his parents, or rather, not yet quite a person in the full sense of the word. When entering puberty, the teenager is lost. He feels that something has changed, but does not understand what specifically. At this moment, one wants to find new interests, new acquaintances, and this constant, continuous search pushes the teenager to share this with the closest people, he wants to tell the whole world how unique, one and only he is. And so it is, in general, and it is. It is in adolescence that the "puberty crisis" occurs. The process of hormonal restructuring of the body is accompanied by gradual changes in the physical appearance and mental sphere. The most important sign of the transitional age is the establishment of regular activity of the gonads, which is manifested in girls by menstruation, and in boys by ejaculation, as well as phase changes in growth rates, the formation of gender-specific body proportions and its secondary sexual characteristics. The age transition period, during which a complex physiological restructuring occurs in the human body, ends with the achievement of sexual maturity. The main feature of this age is sharp qualitative changes, affecting all aspects of development. The process of physiological restructuring is the background against which a psychological crisis occurs. The child's height and weight increase, in boys the peak of the "growth spurt" occurs on average at 13 and ends after 15 years (sometimes up to 18), and in girls the "jump" usually begins and, accordingly, ends two years earlier (further smoother growth can last for several more years). The change in height and weight is accompanied by a change in the proportions of the body as a whole. The intensive growth of the bones of the skeleton, reaching 6 cm per year, outpaces the development of muscles and the growth of blood vessels. All this leads to some disproportion of the body, adolescent clumsiness and frequent complaints of pain in the heart and chest (but, of course, they cannot be dismissed in any case, because pain in the heart area can not always be attributed to puberty). Children feel awkward and inept at this time. Exercises aimed at improving the functional state, increasing physical performance and special endurance should be balanced, changes in the intellectual sphere lead to the development of the ability to independently cope with the training program. At the same time, many adolescents experience difficulties in training, training takes a back seat (at best). This is caused by the desire for everyone - both adults and peers - to treat him not as a child, but as an adult. He claims equality in relations with his elders and enters into conflicts, defending his adult position. Therefore, during this period of training, the coach must adhere to the principle of an individual approach to each athlete in general and focus on everyone and everyone.
The fourth stage - preparation for higher achievements (16-17 years old) - is a stage of further improvement of special physical fitness, disclosure of individual capabilities of athletes, further improvement of theoretical and tactical training.
The new age period — early adolescence (16-17 years) — is considered the third world, existing between childhood and adulthood. At this time, the student-athlete finds himself on the threshold of real adult life and looks at the present from the perspective of the future, searching for the meaning of his life. If we consider development only as a change in mental functions, then all the main neoplasms have already ended in adolescence, becoming established and improved in the athlete. But it would be a mistake to consider the development of a student-athlete in this way. Each age period is important in itself in the life of an individual. Regardless of the connection with other age periods. After all, only with the social situation of development inherent in this age do quite significant changes in the personality occur. The new social position of the student-athlete in horting changes the significance of training for him. Compared to teenagers, their interest in training increases. This is due to the fact that a new motivational structure of learning is being formed. The dominant place is occupied by motives related to self-determination and preparation for independent life. These motives acquire personal meaning and become effective. Student athletes of this age, for whom the main thing is educational and training activity, begin to consider training as a necessary basis, a prerequisite for future professional activity in combat horting. It is at an older age that a conscious positive attitude towards training manifests itself, they are mainly interested in those achievements that will be needed in later life, they again begin to worry about the success of training. The concept of "psychological readiness" assumes in this case the presence of needs and abilities that allow the athlete to fully realize himself in professional activity, public life, future family life. First of all, this is the need to communicate with other people, the need and ability to work creatively, secondly, the ability to think theoretically, to navigate in various events taking place in the modern world, which appears in the form of a scientific, theoretical worldview, thirdly, the presence of developed reflection, with the help of which a conscious and critical attitude towards oneself is ensured. The main feature of this period is the need for a young man to take the internal position of an adult, choose a profession, realize himself as a member of society, develop a worldview, choose his life path. And the main task of the coach is to help determine the choice of the life path of a student-athlete. Only a realized, formed identity of the individual (trust in the world, independence, initiative, competence) allows a young man to solve the main task that society sets before him - the task of self-determination, the ability to develop his life plan.
The fifth stage - preparation for higher achievements over 17 years old - is the stage of completing the construction of the base of general and special physical training and the level of higher sports achievements in combat horting.
The boundary of the transition from adolescence to youth is very conditional and according to different periodization schemes falls on different ages. In the scheme of age periodization of ontogenesis, adolescence was defined as 17-21 years for boys and 16-20 years for girls. Psychologists disagree in determining the age limits of youth. In Western psychology, the tendency to combine adolescence and youth into a single age period, which is called the period of growing up, generally prevails. At this age, most of the body's functions are in the period of the last stage of development. According to many indicators, the development of the body of a young man approaches the development of an adult, at this age it is recommended to perform high-intensity physical exertion. At this age, older boys strive for self-improvement and need additional attention during the period of preparation for competitions. They are characterized by a high degree of functional perfection, the cardiovascular system is ready for high loads. One of the important tasks of education during this period is the upbringing of high moral qualities, instilling respect for the sports etiquette of combat horting. From athletes of this age group, you can expect the highest sports results.
President of the Transcarpathian Regional Horting Federation,
Uzhgorod, psychology specialist
Mykhailo Kutskir