Sports in physical education
In pedagogical practice, the concept of "sport" is always associated with the specific activity of people aimed at achieving the highest possible results in certain types of physical exercises. It is advisable to distinguish two significantly important aspects in it: a) organizational and pedagogical activity and b) sports activity itself.
Organizational and pedagogical activity consists of organizational, methodological and refereeing work performed by athletes on public orders or on personal initiative in sports sections, councils of physical culture teams, federations of various sports, refereeing panels, etc. This activity is an honorable duty of every qualified athlete and "is of great importance in ensuring the mass popularity of sports and improving work in this area. Organizational and pedagogical activity requires special knowledge, skills and abilities that athletes acquire, as a rule, in the process of well-designed elementary pedagogical training, which is carried out by physical culture teams and other sports organizations.
Actually, sports activity is reduced mainly to systematic practice of certain physical exercises, strict adherence to an appropriate regimen, extensive use of other hygienic factors and active participation in competitions. This activity provides such physical development that is necessary to achieve high sports results.
Ultimately, sports activities should be a means harmonious physical development and strengthening of the health of the Soviet people, the general formation of the personality and comprehensive preparation for work and defense of the Fatherland.
The most characteristic specific features of sports activities themselves are: a) friendly competition between athletes to improve sports achievements; b) specialization in the chosen type of physical exercises and c) the manifestation of great physical and intellectual efforts not only in the conditions of direct struggle for a high result, but also in the process of preparing for it.
Competition between athletes is very diverse, very sharp and the struggle for superiority in personal or collective achievements in the chosen type of sports activity never stops. Such a struggle is due to the very orientation of sports to achieve the highest possible results. That is why any achievement that exists in a given period, especially a record one, as well as any opportunity and even the prospect of taking a more or less high place among athletes, certainly become a powerful incentive to persistent struggle to achieve even greater superiority. At the same time, only those achievements that are won in the conditions of specially organized competitions (competitions). Thus, performance in competitions is an obligatory part of sports activity. They also play a big role in the upbringing of the qualities necessary for an athlete, in the accumulation of experience in competitive wrestling and in checking the achieved level of sports fitness.
Specialization in the chosen type of physical exercises (as a rule, relatively narrow) is also due to the specific orientation of the sport and, first of all, to the rather high, and growing level of modern sports achievements.
Every athlete, whatever his qualifications may be at this period, is forced, if he really strives for high achievements, to systematically carry out enormous, very laborious preparatory work before performing at the next responsible competitions. The central place in this work, of course, is occupied by the most perfect mastery of the subject of the competition itself (a certain type of running, throwing, swimming, wrestling, etc.), as well as the possible better adaptation of the activity of the whole organism to the specific conditions of the competition. At the same time, along with the growth of qualifications athlete and the complexity of the tasks facing him, the specific weight of specialization in the preparatory work for the competition should consistently increase.
Specialization is the main condition for a successful struggle for the intended results, only thanks to it are the decisive prerequisites for victory in the competition created. However, the process of specialization can proceed successfully only on the basis of comprehensive physical training.
Great physical, intellectual and volitional efforts manifested in sports activities, its intensity are due to the specific focus of the sport and the sharpness of the struggle for high sports achievements.
Outstanding results for the present time are achieved only by those athletes who fight with the maximum tension of all their forces. The process of preparing for the decisive fight requires regular tensions that are no less, and sometimes greater, than the fight itself, while being repeated. Moreover, their intensity and total volume do not remain constant, but consistently increase, since the athlete, moving from category to category, encounters more and more stronger opponents. Such a consistent increase in both physical and mental stress leads to the fact that under the influence of significant shifts in the body's activity caused by loads, its forms and functions are improved, strength is accumulated and the level of performance increases.
However, constant, and very large, often maximum physical and mental efforts can cause overstrain of the body's functions, lead to disruption of its normal activity, and as a result - to weakening and even very serious violations of health and working capacity. As experience shows, such consequences can be the result of both excessively forced preparation for competitions and errors in the calculation and distribution of loads, and negligence in organizing the conditions for performing sports actions, violations of the regime, etc.
The most important feature of sport is its ideological orientation, that is, in the fact that it serves the cause of educating workers, as well as in its reliance on modern science. Issues of sports equipment, training methods, and the hygienic regime of athletes are resolved on the basis of theoretical data from many branches of science, special experimental studies and scientific generalization of sports experience both in our country and abroad.
It is also characteristic of sport that in our country there is a nationwide system of competitions in all types of sports and a Unified Sports Classification.
Each sport (and even more so its variety) provides mastery of a relatively narrow range of specific knowledge, skills and abilities, and the education of the corresponding motor and other qualities is also more or less limited and specific. For example, specialization in athletics sprint leads to mastery only in speed running, as well as a high level of speed development; specialization in athletics high jumps, as well as in figure skating, will not directly equip with applied skills, and swimming or skiing (racing) in this regard will be of great value. Taking into account these differences, sports are classified. Thus, sports associated with the predominant manifestation of agility, or strength, or speed, or endurance, or some complex of these qualities are distinguished. A certain pedagogical significance is the grouping of sports taking into account the conditions of competitive struggle, when the necessary actions are performed: a) separately by each athlete, without direct contact with the opponent (gymnastics); b) simultaneously by all athletes or groups of athletes, with possible contact between opponents and interaction with a partner (track and field running); c) in martial arts (fencing); t) as part of a team with direct contact with the opponent (basketball); e) in the order of all-around (track and field, etc.) There are also groupings based on other principles.
The peculiarities of different sports must be taken into account when solving the tasks of comprehensive physical education of specialists. Taking into account these peculiarities, programs should also be drawn up (select certain sets of exercises) of compulsory educational classes in general education schools, vocational schools, universities and other educational institutions.
Sport is most widely used in the physical education of youth and people of mature age. This is a period of high performance of the body and the presence of basic prerequisites for maximum stress.
For people who seriously engaged in sports in their youth, it is advisable (and for many it is necessary) to continue sports activities at a later age, but with a limitation on the number of competitions. Gradually with age it is recommended to stop participating in responsible competitions. But you should not completely stop practicing your usual and favorite types of physical exercises. They only lose their purely sports orientation; it is advisable to use them mainly as a means of recreation, entertainment, and health maintenance.
THE UNITY OF GAMES, GYMNASTICS, TOURISM, AND SPORTS
In the process of comprehensive physical education of people, games, gymnastics, tourism, and sports are not strictly delimited and are not opposed to each other. Moreover, only by thoughtfully combining them, ensuring indissoluble unity between them, can a complete and effective solution to all educational and training tasks be achieved in accordance with the economic, defense, cultural, everyday and political requirements of the time.
The choice and combination of these means are determined by the leading direction of physical education for a given population group (preschoolers, schoolchildren, students, workers, etc.) - general or special. The individual characteristics of the person engaged are also necessarily taken into account: age, gender, level of physical development and motor fitness, state of health, as well as the nature of the main activity, personal interests, aspirations, opportunities, etc. In this regard, games, gymnastics, tourism and sports in different parts of the Soviet system of physical education are presented in various combinations. Moreover, their combinations are not considered as finished, frozen. On the contrary, they develop and improve, are supplemented when new conditions or requirements of life arise. In the holistic process of comprehensive physical education, games, gymnastics, tourism and sports are united by the commonality of the ultimate goal and the logic of the development of the corresponding pedagogical process. They are always strictly interconnected in content, internally determine each other, interpenetrate and even pass into each other. Thus, games, gymnastics, tourism and sports in the system of physical education constitute, although mobile, but always strictly defined unity.