Methodological principles of horting
Justification of the methodology for forming combat horting skills
Education of physical qualities, formation of a healthy lifestyle, preservation and strengthening of the health of the younger generation have now become priority not only educational, but also national tasks. Physical and spiritual health is considered as a factor of social life, the basis of the economic well-being of the state, social progress of society, improvement of the quality of life of the population, improvement of the demographic situation, moral and psychological climate in the country.
The following tasks are assigned to the sphere of education, as an integral state system that ensures the social development of the individual:
education of a comprehensively developed personality, oriented towards a healthy lifestyle;
organization of such an educational process that will not harm the health of the athlete;
use of available means of health protection and development of children and youth.
To implement these tasks at the regional level, the Concept of Development of the System of General Secondary Education in Ukraine was adopted in 2008. It substantiated the line aimed at educating every member of society who is oriented towards a healthy lifestyle. The Concept includes a number of departmental orders that focused the attention of all management structures and teaching staff on the need to intensify work on implementing the ideas of physical culture and health pedagogy.
In the context of implementing these documents, the National Federation of Combat Horting of Ukraine, as well as the national Federation as a whole, should become different, new, and in solving the problem of the health of children and youth - innovative in terms of goals, objectives, content of education, forms, technologies, organization and, most importantly, in terms of the results of work.
Based on this, when organizing a health-oriented educational process in combat horting in educational institutions, it is recommended to take into account the following factors.
1. The following conditions should be created in educational institutions:
the educational process in combat horting in solving the problem of the health of athletes should be holistic and purposeful;
educational resources of the educational institution in solving the problem of health culture of combat horting athletes should increase by updating the content of education in each educational discipline;
a health-educational educational environment should be created in the educational institution and all pedagogical possibilities of combat horting should be used;
all participants in the educational process should be included in various forms of health-educational activities.
2. The implementation of health-oriented education in combat horting can occur through the following organizational forms:
educational and training programs;
comprehensive preparatory programs;
programs that reveal individual health issues;
a plan of individual activities;
integration of health issues into various subject disciplines.
3. The content of education should acquire a health-educational orientation:
a health-educational component is introduced into all subjects and disciplines of the cycle of general secondary, extracurricular and higher education within the allotted number of hours by the basic curriculum;
in extracurricular educational work, in additional education of athletes, the component of the health-oriented plan is expanded.
4. Basic principles of organizing the work of an educational institution in terms of forming physical culture, health values and a healthy lifestyle in schoolchildren and students.
Integrity: education of the basics of physical culture and a healthy lifestyle is carried out within the framework of a single process of upbringing and personality formation.
Complexity: involvement in the sphere of forming healthy lifestyle (HLS) skills of all the main institutions of student socialization (participation of the educational institution, family, athlete's environment).
Safety: careful selection of information provided to the athlete, and exclusion of information that may provoke his interest in behavior that destroys human health.
Age adequacy: the content of education in the field of physical culture and a healthy lifestyle is based on the needs and values relevant to a specific age, and takes into account real risk factors for schoolchildren and students.
Sociocultural adequacy: taking into account the standards and norms of behavior inherent in society, including customs, traditions related to health and training in combat horting.
In order for an athlete to want to take care of his health today, he must understand how it is useful to him now, and how it can help him in the future. Teaching a healthy lifestyle should take into account the age characteristics of combat horting athletes and be based on the sphere of current interests of schoolchildren and students.
Methodological principles of combat horting
In the science of education, principles are called especially important theoretical and practical provisions that reflect the general laws of education and serve as the main guidelines for achieving the goal.
The laws of physical education of combat horting athletes are reflected in a number of principles that have a more or less wide scope of application. The most general ones relate to all activities in combat horting, regardless of its specific tasks, specific forms and conditions (general principles of the physical education system). Some reflect mainly methodological (principles of physical education methodology) or specific patterns of individual areas and forms of physical training of combat horting athletes (principles of building sports training).
All general pedagogical (didactic) principles of training apply to the organized process of physical training of athletes. However, reflecting the specifics of combat horting training, they have a special meaning and are implemented by selected means and methods.
The following principles, formed by the theory and methodology of combat horting, most closely correspond to the features of training in motor actions: consciousness; activity; clarity; systematicity; accessibility; individualization.
The principle of consciousness
Athletes must understand the general goal and objectives of combat horting classes. An essential prerequisite for the development of consciousness in combat horting athletes are the motives that encourage them to engage in this sport. New conditioned reflex connections are easily formed with optimal excitation of individual areas of the cerebral cortex.
Such excitation in the nerve centers is created with the athlete's voluntary attention to performing actions. Positive motivation is of great importance for maintaining optimal arousal of the athlete. The principle of consciousness is implemented more effectively if combat horting athletes themselves report on the results of the actions performed.
It is important that the immediate feedback has a quantitative characteristic and does not require additional calculations. For this purpose, various simulators and special equipment are used. The conscious nature of training involves the use of self-assessment and movement control methods by athletes.
The meaning of combat horting classes is not only to promote the development of physical qualities, but also to teach each athlete to use them - to give the ability to consciously perform the greatest physical work with the least effort in the shortest possible time.
The principle of consciousness and activity is revealed in the following requirements:
to form a meaningful attitude and a stable interest of combat horting athletes in the common goal and specific tasks of the classes;
to stimulate conscious analysis, self-control and rational use of forces when performing physical exercises;
to cultivate initiative, independence and a creative attitude to tasks.
The principle of activity
Activity is determined by interest. The problem of awakening and developing the interest of athletes is solved, to a certain extent, by selecting interesting material for combat horting classes and their appropriate organization. Physical exercises are by their nature organically connected with a feeling of joy, cheerfulness and other positive emotions. With skillful and methodically competent organization of combat horting classes, the effect of this factor is enhanced and can become one of the most important moments in awakening the interest of athletes in training.
The principle of visuality
In the process of training, visuality plays a particularly important role, since the activity of combat horting athletes is mainly practical in nature and has one of its special tasks - the comprehensive development of the senses. In order to correctly perform a technical technique, motor action, there are necessary motor representations.
This is solved in two ways: by observing a rational sequence of training and the comprehensive use of various forms of visuality, in particular, by demonstrating the studied training processes and various kinds of visual aids, by simulation and other introductory exercises. Visuality is an indispensable condition for improving the motor activity of combat horting athletes.
During the development of movement, the role of interaction of various sense organs does not remain unchanged. Accordingly, the specific weight of various forms of visuality should change. At the beginning, visual training methods for the formation of visual images prevail, and later the role of the athletes' motor analyzer increases. It is necessary to comprehensively use various ways of visual information and improvement of the sense organs.
The primary role in implementing the principle of visuality is played by direct contact with reality, but sometimes visuality in the form of films and other technical means, with the help of which a clear idea of the movement is created, is more convincing. The connection between sensory image and word is of particular importance. Word is one of the important means of ensuring visuality. A combat horting trainer should explain to athletes when demonstrating a film what happens when performing a certain technique, how to perform it correctly, and the moments of applying this technique.
The widespread use of various forms of visualization increases the interest of athletes in combat horting, facilitates the understanding and performance of tasks, and contributes to the acquisition of solid knowledge, skills and abilities.
The principle of accessibility and individualization
The special importance of this principle in the field of combat horting is due to the impact of the load on the vital organs of athletes. Exceeding the physical load corresponding to the state of the body gives a negative reaction, that is, there is a threat to health. The main provisions that reveal this method are the determination of the measure of what is available.
Full correspondence between the capabilities of combat horting athletes and the difficulties in performing physical exercises means the optimal measure of accessibility. When determining the load, the trainer-teacher should be guided, first of all, by the programs and regulatory requirements established for a particular contingent of athletes on the basis of scientific data and generalized practical experience.
Information about the functional capabilities of the body of combat horting athletes is recorded through tests according to the standards of physical fitness, as well as by means of medical examinations and pedagogical observations. The limits of what is available change in the process of training: what is inaccessible at one stage becomes feasible in the future.
The decisive methodological condition of accessibility is the continuity of physical exercises, which corresponds to the general didactic rules: from known to unknown; from mastered to unmastered.
An equally important condition is the gradual transition from one task to another, from easy to difficult, because the functional capabilities of the body increase gradually. The next rule is from simple to complex, from easy to difficult. The ease of performing combat horting techniques and special physical exercises depends on the coordination complexity and the amount of physical effort expended.
The functional capabilities of the athlete's body are distinguished by their individuality. It is the individual approach to students that creates the conditions for the greatest development of their abilities. The problem of individualization in the process of combat horting classes is solved in two directions: general preparatory and specialized.
The general training direction leads to the development of a minimum of vital motor skills, abilities, knowledge, which are mandatory for all people, and to the achievement of a certain level of development of all physical qualities.
The specialized direction leads to in-depth improvement in the sports activity of combat horting. The combination of the above directions creates conditions for comprehensive and, at the same time, individualized physical improvement of each athlete.
The principle of systematicity
This principle assumes the continuity of the process of training combat horting athletes and the optimal alternation of loads with rest.
The functional and structural changes that occur in the athlete's body during and as a result of combat horting classes are reversible. A short break in training sessions is enough to start the extinction of the conditioned reflex connections that have arisen, the decrease in the achieved level of functional capabilities and even the regression of some morphological indicators of athletes - a decrease in the specific weight of active muscle tissue, a change in its structural components.
The processes that occur in the body of athletes during combat horting classes proceed in certain phases.
The first - working phase - covers the entire session, on the one hand, the realization of the potential working capacity of the body (increasing the activity of all organs and energy production systems), and on the other - the gradual depletion of working resources. The immediate effect of a separate session is expressed in the fatigue of athletes, reduced working capacity with a change in energy balances.
The second phase of relative normalization - working shifts are replaced by the restoration of working capacity, the return of all functional indicators to the initial level.
The third – supercompensatory phase – is characterized by a complex of phenomena called “superrecovery” or “supercompensation”, since the athlete’s body not only returns work costs, but also increases the amount of energy and protein structures in excess. If an athlete takes a long break after a separate combat horting session, a reduction phase begins, i.e. a return to the initial level of performance and preservation of the learned movements for a much longer time.
In this regard, breaks are not allowed, as they lead to a loss of the positive effect of the lesson.
Repetition and variability. Without repeated repetitions of the combat horting technique, a separate exercise or lesson, it is impossible to form and strengthen the athletes' motor skills. If you limit yourself to repetition only, this will lead to backwardness, therefore the opposite feature is important - variability, that is, modified exercises, dynamic loads, various methods of updating the forms and content of the lesson.
The sequence of lessons and the relationship between them, the connection between different sides of their content, when first of all the functions that determine the coordination and speed of movements are improved, later they reach a maximum of strength, then the possibility of endurance appears, all this leads to progress in the educational and training process of combat horting athletes.
The principle of gradual increase in requirements and dynamics
The transition to the performance of new, more complex and difficult physical exercises by combat horting athletes should occur as the formed skills are consolidated and adaptation to the loads is achieved. The athlete's body does not adapt immediately, it takes time to adapt, the terms of adaptation depend on the magnitude and form of the load: straight-up, stepwise and wavy.
Straight-up form of loading. With this form, the loads increase from each week. Graduality is ensured by relatively low rates and significant intervals between classes.
Stepwise form of loading. With the stepwise form, the loads increase and alternate with their relative stability during several combat horting classes. At the moment of transition from one stage to another, the loads increase more steeply than with straight-up dynamics, but at the same time the stabilization moments are more pronounced. They provide adaptive processes in the athlete's body.
Wave-shaped form of loading. In this form, there is a gradual increase in loads with a sharp increase and subsequent decrease, then this procedure is repeated again at a higher level. This form of load planning assumes that without violating the principle of gradualness, it is possible to significantly increase the volume and intensity of training loads. Wave-shaped fluctuations of loads - weekly, monthly, annual - are like a background on which rectilinear and step-like forms of their dynamics are superimposed.
An important basis for all methods is the chosen method of load regulation and the procedure for combining it with rest. The load in physical exercises is called the magnitude of their impact on the body. This term denotes a quantitative measure of impact. The volume of the load refers to the duration of the impact, and the intensity is characterized by the force of the impact, the intensity of functions, and the one-time amount of effort.
The load in combat horting, according to the methods, can be standard and variable. The structure of the method is largely determined by whether the load during the exercise is continuous (permanent) or interval (intermittent) in nature. Rest, as a component of the methods, can be passive (relative rest) and active (switching to some activity).
The total volume of the load - exercises of a cyclic nature are most often estimated by the total mileage (for a separate exercise, week, month, etc.), in exercises with weights - by the total weight of the weights or the number of times they are lifted (barbells, etc.), to determine the total intensity of the load, the motor density of the exercises is calculated (the ratio of the net time spent on performing the exercises to the total time of the exercise).
Methods of strictly regulated exercise
This method involves:
exercise of loads according to the proposed movement program;
precise dosing of the load and control of its dynamics with clear rest regulation;
use of external conditions to help combat horting athletes cope with motor actions and techniques (simulators and other technical devices).
There are two main methodological approaches in the process of learning combat horting techniques:
the method of separate-constructive or analytical-constructive exercises is used when it is possible to break down the combat horting technique into separate components;
learning the horting technique, if possible, in a holistic form with selective isolation of details (throwing techniques, ground techniques, etc.). At the same time, a number of auxiliary methodological techniques are used: the use of introductory exercises to the study of the main exercise (technique) or imitation of its holistic structure.
"Horting Encyclopedia"
Eduard Yeromenko
© 2014