Autogenic training method in training martial artists

List of conventional abbreviations

AUT - autogenic training

ZPP - general psychological training

SPP - special psychological training

CHSS - heart rate

N - number of blows (throws, hooks, etc.) performed by the athlete

n/N - coefficient of attacking actions.

RT - reactive anxiety.

Sport is extremely diverse both in form and content. This is manifested in its many types, the variety of substantive and procedural manifestations of sports activity, due to the specific features of competitive exercises and the conditions of sports competition.

A specific feature of sport is that it is impossible to fully adapt to loads, a high level of preparedness of the athlete, if there is no pronounced mental tension, fatigue or stress. Without a specific study of the psychological features of each sport, it is impossible to scientifically substantiate training methods in these sports.

Due to the fact that the athlete himself acts as both an object and a subject of sports activity, the most important task of sports psychology is to study the psychological characteristics of the athlete's personality, both general (dictated by the psychological characteristics of sports activity in general) and specific to the sport in which the athletes specialize.

Sports psychology is one of the special branches of psychological science, namely "Psychology of physical education and sports", which has a practical focus in the field of physical education and sports. The concept of "sports psychology" is used in cases where it is necessary to identify specific problems that arise.

According to experts, the importance and necessity of sports psychology for sports activity is difficult to overestimate. In general, there is no such coach or sports figure who would not emphasize the role of psychological training in sports, especially at the preliminary stages of training in each specific sport for further specialization. Therefore, determining the methods that affect the mental state of young athletes during training sessions and competitions is extremely important. However, the special literature does not sufficiently cover this problem in certain sports, in particular in relation to martial arts. This determines the relevance of the work.

The object of the study is the competitive and training process of young martial artists.

The subject of the study is autogenic training as a means of psychological training of young martial artists in the process of training and competitive activities.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the psychological state of young martial artists and the influence of the autogenic training method on it during training and competitive activities.

Objectives:

To study the features of psychological training at the current stage of development of hand-to-hand combat.

To identify the influence of autogenic training on the psychological preparation of young athletes during training and competitive activities.

Research methods: analysis of literary sources, pedagogical research methods, questionnaires, pedagogical experiment, methods of mathematical statistics and the method of autogenic training.

The theoretical significance of this work lies in substantiating the methodology of psychological preparation of young athletes (wrestlers), as well as in substantiating the principles that influence the planning of psychological preparation of athletes 14-15 years old.

Practical significance of the study: the possibility of using its main provisions and conclusions when compiling methodological manuals, giving lectures, conducting seminars, and conducting classes in hand-to-hand combat.

Structure of the work. The work consists of an introduction, 3 sections, general conclusions, bibliography (105), 3 tables, 3 graphs and appendices.

Approbation of the work. The results of the study were discussed at pedagogical meetings and were implemented in work with groups of basic training of young athletes in a sports club.

Analysis of literary sources on the topic of the study. General characteristics of psychological training in sports

Sports psychology studies the patterns of manifestation and development of the human psyche, the formation of its personality in specific conditions of sports activity. At the same time, the subject of sports psychology is also the psychological analysis of various types of sports activity (sports) and the study of the psychology of the athlete's personality in various conditions of training and competitions.

Sports psychology is an applied branch of psychological science that studies the features and manifestations of the personality of an athlete who acts in special conditions of sports activity, experiencing specific mental states.

Sports psychology is closely related to other branches of scientific knowledge that study a person in the conditions of sports activity - the general theory of sports, the theory and methodology of physical education and training in specific sports, sports physiology, biomechanics, pedagogy, etc., whose achievements and knowledge it uses to increase the effectiveness of sports activity. Sports psychology has the closest connection with general psychology, in particular with its theories of the construction and content of activity, personality structure, interpersonal relationships in a group, collective, areas of diagnosis and features of selection.

The main link that connects all areas that sports psychology deals with is a person (athlete, coach), therefore, according to specialists, the main content of modern sports psychology is to determine the structure of the personality, fill it with specific experimental content and provide activity with a practical direction.

The main tasks of sports psychology are as follows:

Study of the influence of sports activities, i.e. training and competitive loads, on the psyche of athletes.

Formation of the state of readiness of an athlete for activity.

Development of psychological conditions for increasing the effectiveness of an athlete's training.

Development of psychological foundations for pre-competitive and competitive training of athletes, as well as substantiation of optimal conditions after competitive activity.

Study of mechanisms for activating reserve capabilities of athletes.

Study of the socio-psychological life of a sports team to create optimal interpersonal relationships and form a comfortable psychological climate in it.

Development of psychological conditions for the humanization of sports activities, the content of which is to increase the content of sports activities, prevent injuries, overwork, professional diseases of athletes, as well as deformations of the personality of the coach and athlete.

Development of a system of psycho-regulatory and psycho-corrective exercises that would reduce or eliminate the negative consequences of training and competitive influences on the athlete's psyche.

Creation of conditions for the formation of psychological aspects of moral and patriotic education of athletes as patriots of the Motherland, who represent it at competitions of various levels.

A specific feature of sport is that it is impossible to fully adapt to loads, a high level of preparedness of the athlete, if there is no pronounced mental tension, fatigue or stress.

Achieving high results in sports involves an appropriate level of not only functional, physical, technical and tactical, but also psychological preparation for sports activities.

Psychological preparation is an integral part of the entire system of managing the athlete's training process and is part of a set of measures to ensure it.

In general, psychological preparation is the process of developing and improving the most significant manifestations of the athlete's psyche that meet the requirements of training and competitive activities. Psychological training is aimed at forming in the individual the mental qualities necessary for sports activities, professionally important knowledge, skills and abilities and achieving such their stability that will ensure the possibility of solving the tasks set during the competition.

Psychological training in sports has a number of significant features.

This is always preparation for a certain type of activity (for the training process or competitions).

During such training, it is necessary to purposefully form those properties and qualities of the athlete's psyche that ensure high performance of sports activities.

Psychological training is closely related to the process of upbringing, education and training of an athlete and is aimed not only at the formation and development of individual aspects of the psyche, but also at improving the positive personality traits important for sports.

In the process of psychological training of an athlete, the classical scheme of psyche development based on the improvement of the main three groups of mental phenomena: processes, states and personality traits of the athlete is reflected.

From the special literature it is known that the purpose of psychological training of an athlete is the development of psychological qualities necessary for achieving a high level of sports excellence, mental stability and readiness for competitive activity.

Considering psychological training in its general form through a system analysis, the following levels are distinguished in it:

psychophysiological;

psychological itself;

socio-psychological.

Each of the above levels has its own goal, solves problems related to the specifics of the approach, and its own technologies for assisting the athlete in the process of his training.

Psychological training is also a pedagogical process, the success of which depends on taking into account a number of general didactic principles: consciousness and activity, systematicity and consistency, accessibility, individuality, etc. Regarding the process of psychological training in sports, these principles are the basis for its rational construction and practical implementation.

Analyzing the essence of psychological training, specialists distinguish its main directions.

The first direction involves the formation of functional reliability of the athlete's psyche, which is achieved by improving specialized forms of cognitive activity. As a result, special knowledge, practical skills and abilities, specific motor experience are formed.

The second direction is associated with the formation of emotional and volitional stability, psychological reliability of the athlete. This involves the development of the ability to manage one's behavior in extreme situations of sports activity, to act effectively during competitions.

The third direction involves the formation of mental readiness for competitions in conditions of interpersonal and group rivalry. Here it is important to timely psychologically adapt to the changing circumstances of competitive struggle, overcome psychological subjective barriers, know the strengths and weaknesses of the opponent, his tactics, etc.

The fourth direction of psychological training is determined by the results achieved in competitions and the features after competitive activity. This is especially relevant in a situation when an athlete ends his sports career, active sports activities and needs to maintain an optimal level of mental performance, adaptation to new conditions of activity.

The directions of psychological training are closely related, their implementation requires careful preliminary planning. When planning psychological training, it is necessary to take into account both the focus of certain training sessions and the corresponding cycles and periods of the athlete's training. It is recommended to pay special attention to the development and improvement of those qualities of the athlete's psyche that determine the effectiveness of training and competitive activity.

Solving the tasks of psychological training is carried out using appropriate means and methods.

The general means of psychological training of an athlete are physical exercises, techniques and tactics of this sport. Special means - psychological exercises (actions like tasks with a clear guideline and psychological focus), as well as psychological influences. These can be psychological means and techniques of regulation and self-regulation, methods of restoring special working capacity, various trainings, etc.

Various means and techniques of psychological training are combined into methods. There are three main groups of methods: visual, verbal and practical. Depending on the solution of the tasks, they can be used in different versions.

Psychological training of an athlete is a multifaceted pedagogical process. It is carried out at the basic level in the preparatory period of training and at the special level - in the competitive period and at the stage of direct preparation for competitions, which allows us to determine its main types.

The process of psychological training covers two relatively independent and at the same time closely interrelated areas:

Education of moral and volitional qualities.

Improvement of specific mental capabilities.

In the volitional action of psychology, preparatory, executive and single stages are distinguished, and the structure of volitional qualities and activity is determined in relation to the objective features of a particular sport (A.I. Puni, 1994).

Psychological preparation is one of the leading forms of psychological support, covering the period from the moment a child enters a particular sport and some time after the athlete finishes regular sports and moves on to other types of activity. The significance of this type of training is due to the focus on the formation of precisely those qualities and properties of the athlete's psyche that ensure high performance of his activity.

Psychological training is always carried out in combination with other types of athlete training: physical, tactical, technical. It plays a special role in the case when athletes have the same level in all types of training, except psychological.

Planning of psychological training is an important rational element of it, which has a purposeful nature, specific types and requires taking into account both the focus of individual training sessions and the corresponding cycles, periods of athlete training, and, thus, allows you to avoid spontaneity.

Psychological training is a very long, and therefore complex process, which includes general (GPP) and special (SPP) psychological training. Each of these types is aimed at preparing for a certain type of activity in sports, which determines their specific goal, content and specifics of the organization.

Anxiety as one of the main indicators when doing sports

The tendency to feel restlessness and apprehension in general and in certain cases has long attracted the attention of psychologists and specialists dealing with the person in normal and pathological conditions. Some psychoanalysts use the terms "anxiety", "anxiety" to denote excessive gloomy foreboding. "Fear" refers to a conscious assessment of the real threat of a situation.

In general, "anxiety" is understood as both personality traits and a state. As a personality trait, anxiety characterizes our tendency, a tendency to experience apprehension, fear in most situations.

In addition to the level of general and specific anxiety that a subject can experience in various everyday and stressful situations, there are many other parameters of anxiety, knowledge of which is important for an athlete and his coach.

For example, some researchers, assessing anxiety in subjects in threatening situations, found that their subjects experienced either "traumatic anxiety" or anxiety related to the expectation of failure. One of the significant factors in the anxiety expressed in these situations was the fear of not meeting the expectations of their comrades or the fear of letting down their leaders and coaches. Thus, anxiety as a fear of failure is associated with the individual's perception of the social consequences of his success or failure in a given situation.

This type of anxiety was the most important for most subjects compared with "traumatic anxiety" - the fear of serious physical injury or injury. It is reasonable to assume that in intense sports with the presence of physical contact, the participant's anxiety is more often associated with subsequent social disapproval or praise than with the fear of injury. Therefore, the level of anxiety that may interfere with activity is probably related to a person's attitude to success and failure and to his general need for achievement.

It should be noted that athletes who are courageous in their behavior and who are involved in sports that require courage are not always free from high levels of anxiety. It is possible that such athletes may have chosen activities that require an external manifestation of courage in order to prove to themselves and others that they are not as timid as they sometimes are.

Anxiety and age. There are very contradictory opinions on this issue. According to Cattell and other authors who have studied the level of anxiety in people of different ages, anxiety increases in adolescence (youth), but decreases by the age of 30.

The age range between the increase in anxiety levels corresponds very closely to the period during which athletes reach their physical potential in sports. If social status and, indirectly, attractiveness to the opposite sex are associated with success in sports (and in some situations, success or failure in sports is very important for a person's subsequent assessment of themselves as a professional athlete and as a person), then it is not surprising that the stress of competition from adolescence to about 30 years of age is overwhelming for many.

In studies of anxiety, it has been established that the level of anxiety is predictable and changes over time: before, during and after a stressful situation occurs. For example, the level of pre-work anxiety is usually high. The expectation of a stressful event obviously has a significant impact on the dynamics of the person. On the other hand, after real contact with the situation, the level of anxiety tends to decrease.

After a performance in a competition, one can often notice an increase in anxiety, similar to that observed before the start. Athletes and coaches usually relive individual episodes of the competition in their minds in the evening or even a few days after.

People with high anxiety are more likely to disrupt their activities under stress, while those with low anxiety are less likely. Chronic exposure to significant stress can lead to the breakdown of even very resilient individuals. On the other hand, systematic overcoming of moderate or gradually increasing stress often contributes to the creation of strength in the individual (psychological, and possibly physiological), which allows him to cope better with stress. Thus, there is a tendency to adapt to stress, the ability to learn to manage it if its intensity is not too high. According to experts, the coach and everyone who works with athletes should create such situations so that the athlete gradually adapts to the stressful conditions that he will have to face.

Psychological regulation in the training of athletes. Characteristics of autogenic training

Psychoregulation is a necessary form of psychological support for training in sports. This is due to the fact that today sports competitions are primarily a struggle of individuals equal in physical, technical and tactical readiness, where the latest significant adjustments to the course of the struggle introduce self-control and self-regulation skills. As can be seen from the scientific works of a number of authors, psychoregulation in sports is widely used to solve the following tasks:

regulation of negative psychological states of athletes;

formation of behavioral guidelines before competitions;

restoration of special working capacity of athletes during training, competitions and after them;

creation of mobilization readiness of the athlete for the upcoming competition;

increase in the mental reliability of the athlete;

increase in the effectiveness of competitive activity;

improving learning during mastering sports exercises and correcting errors in movement techniques;

increasing the athlete's self-confidence;

forming a sense of calm in sports activities and personal life situations.

The above tasks are confirmed by studies that prove the benefits of changes in the state of those athletes who possess psychoregulation methods and use them in the process of sports activities. The data obtained make it possible to state that athletes who have successfully mastered the necessary psychoregulation skills have improved their behavior at competitions, the number of negative reactions to the coach's remarks has decreased, and the number of positive reactions has increased. The behavior of these athletes has become more manageable and controlled, and before the competitions, many such athletes were in an optimal state for competition. But the most positive consequence of mastering psychoregulation techniques is considered to be a significant increase in the effectiveness of competitive activities.

Many factors contribute to the effectiveness of sports activities, but, according to experts, one of the main ones is the level of mental stress of the athlete. In sports, mental stress occurs both during training and during competitions, but it differs in both direction and content. Stress during training is associated with the process of activity, with the need to respond to the impact of increasing physical exertion, which is why it is called procedural. In extreme conditions of competitions, stress is also added, due to the goal of achieving the best result. This is productive stress. These two types of mental stress can manifest themselves not only in the process of carrying out training or competitive activities, but also before them, while procedural stress occurs immediately before training, and productive stress - long before the start of the competition.

Studies by specialists in the field of sports psychology prove that mental stress itself is a positive factor, indicating the activation of all functions and systems of the body, which ensures its high productivity, since a number of psychophysiological changes occur in the athlete's body, which mobilize energy, humoral, vegetative and other resources, leading to the successful performance of the athlete's activity.

Among the factors that contribute to and intensify the occurrence of mental stress, informational-operational, personal and situational are distinguished. However, if the tension is excessively high, which is constantly associated with sports, it can develop into mental stress. Therefore, psychologists consider it as a factor that negatively affects the athlete, since it is a disharmony of functions, excessive emotional disturbance, excessive and unjustified expenditure of nervous energy. As B.P. Yakovlev and V.A. note, Bagina, mental stress reveals the peculiarities of the mobilization of the athlete's psychophysiological functions in a particular sport and depending on the type of activity performed or the conditions under which it occurs. Mental stress as a natural response of the athlete's body to an increase in the total external load consists in increasing the total level of activity of the central nervous system, increasing the heart rate and systolic pressure with dilation of blood vessels.

Specific factors that cause a change in the athlete's mental stress are called:

significance of the competition;

composition of competition participants;

organization of competitions;

the behavior of people surrounding the athlete;

individual and psychological characteristics of the athlete;

peculiarities of sports and competitive exercises;

degree of mastery of means of self-regulation;

performance of an established ritual to competitive behavior;

psychological climate in the team;

organization of the athlete's free time.

Methods of psychoregulation are classified according to several characteristics. According to the method of influence, they are divided into methods of influence from the outside (heteroregulation) and methods of self-influence (autoregulation), according to content - into verbal (implemented using words) and non-verbal, which are divided into instrumental and non-instrumental. According to the peculiarities of implementation, methods of psychoregulation are divided into contact and non-contact.

Characteristics of autogenic training.

Autogenic training is a method of self-inducing a special (autogenic) state, using this state, and independently exiting it. "Auto" - self, "genos" - birth. The word "autogenous" (self-made) indicates that the source of positive actions is what one does, and the word "training" emphasizes the need for regular training.

Autogenic training was proposed in 1932 by the German doctor Johann Heinrich Schultz (1884-1970). Studying the self-reports of people immersed in a hypnotic state, I. H. Schultz noted that physiological changes are accompanied by certain sensations. For example, muscle relaxation is accompanied by a feeling of heaviness, and blood filling the capillaries of the skin - a feeling of warmth. They were offered a method of causing a physiological shift by passively concentrating attention on the rudiments of the sensation that causes this shift. Thus, concentration of attention on the real weight of the body contributes to the deepening of muscle relaxation, and concentration on the real warmth of the body - the inflow of blood into the capillaries of the skin.

In autogenic training, actions on the state of the nervous system are used.

It is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the influence of skeletal muscle tone and breathing on the central nervous system. If you consciously inhibit motor reactions corresponding to a person's mental state, his inner experience, it will noticeably weaken or disappear. Wakefulness is always associated with high muscle tone, and complete relaxation of all muscles reduces the level of activity of the central nervous system to a minimum, promotes the development of drowsiness. This physiological regularity is the basis of the entire system of autogenic training. It is necessary to fully learn to relax the muscles of your body before engaging in self-training.

Effects on the nervous system are related to ideas, carnal images (visual, auditory, etc.). The carnal image is a rather active tool of influence on the mental state and health of a person. If a person constantly presents gloomy pictures, at the same time feeling like a "victim" party, this, without a doubt, will affect his health. Pleasant, joyful images and ideas have a healing effect. Muscle relaxation helps to increase the meaning of carnal images.

The effect on the psychophysiological functions of the body is regulated and programmed by words spoken not only out loud, but also in thoughts. The effect of verbal self-suggestion on physiological functions increases in the state of relaxation achieved in the process of autogenic training. The nature of this action depends on the meaning and content of verbal formulations. Spontaneous phrases are usually simple and short, and are spoken slowly in thoughts in time with breathing.

These actions in autogenic training are usually used in the following sequence: relaxation - imagination - verbal self-suggestion.

A complex of exercises, which is the essence of autogenic training, is a tool that promotes the growth of a person's reserve capabilities and improves the activity of the programming mechanisms of the brain.

The technique of autogenic training requires the preliminary development of certain mental and physical skills, such as:

Attention management. Attention is one of the most creative functions of the psyche. If you cannot manage attention to keep it on the subject of your own activity, you will not be able to achieve the desired result. First, it is necessary to concentrate on monotonously moving external objects. Then fix attention on simple objects.

Operation with carnal images. Real objects are replaced by imaginary ones. From simple carnal images it is necessary to move on to more complex ones, including the feeling of heaviness, the warmth of the hands, feet and then the whole body. Carnal images become more complicated, these can be visual images (the gentle murmur of the sea, the rustle of a green oak forest, swallows in the blue of the sky), combined with physical sensations (warmth, a refreshing breeze) and internal experiences (relaxation, peace).

Object suggestions. In a partially inhibited state, nerve cells almost do not react to a strong stimulus, but to a weak one (in this case, a word), they respond with a pronounced reaction. The organizing influence of verbal autosuggestions is effectively manifested in the process of training, when figurative representations are reinforced by appropriate object formulas, pronounced in thoughts, which accelerates the onset of the desired physiological effect. The word influences the course of physiological processes by increasing or decreasing the level of activity of the main nervous processes. Formulations are built in the form of simple statements (no more than two words). One word is pronounced when inhaling, another when exhaling, and only on exhalation, if the phrase consists of one word.

Regulation of muscle tone. Autotraining includes states of complete relaxation of all muscles (relaxation), but before leaving this state, in order to activate psychophysical functions, it is necessary to deliberately increase the tone of individual muscle groups or the whole body.

Control of the rhythm of breathing. During autotraining, the laws of the action of breathing on the level of mental activity are used. When inhaling, the mental state is activated, and when exhaling, calmness sets in. By setting the rhythm of breathing with a longer exhalation, you can achieve more pronounced calmness.

The classic version of AUT includes six training stages, each of which is aimed at a specific area or system of body organs: muscles, blood vessels, heart, lungs, digestive organs, head. Auxiliary AUT exercises are aimed at functional areas that are important in self-regulation. The main sub-active incentives for AUT classes are: increased emotional excitability, a tendency to mood instability, excessive anxiety, fatigue, etc.

The key point of AUT is the ability to achieve a state of autogenic immersion, a kind of half-sleep, when imaginative, emotionally colored, positive ideas affect the vegetative system, which is not consciously controlled by the will of a person. Therefore, with the help of AUT, you can learn to relax muscles, concentrate or distract attention, control the activity of internal organs through the vegetative nervous system, create a state of calm, and suggest to yourself the desired models of optimal behavior in a specific sports situation.

The formulas used in AUT are divided into those that cause muscle relaxation and calmness, as well as vivid imagery that affects the mental state.

If the goal of AUT is to rest, recover, and calm down during training or competitions, the formulas end with a mobilizing part. If the goal is to restore sound sleep, falling asleep, then there is no need for a mobilizing part.

The content of the formulas consists of the most vivid, imaginative, and pleasant ideas that can cause the athlete to feel warmth and heaviness.

The practice of conducting AUT with highly qualified athletes indicates a significant acceleration of its assimilation and increased efficiency if it is conducted indoors, taking into account the correspondence of its color design to the AUT tasks and with appropriate musical accompaniment.

Features of the physical and mental state of children 14-15 years old.

The body of children 14-15 years old has its own anatomical, physiological, and psychological characteristics. This should be taken into account when organizing hand-to-hand combat classes.

The age of 14-15 years is the most favorable for the development of such physical qualities as speed, agility and endurance. These qualities later become the foundation for improving sportsmanship. Teenagers and boys differ from adult athletes in their greater ability to imitate. This has a positive effect on training. But there are also factors that complicate the pedagogical process of educating young wrestlers. The fact is that the body of teenagers and boys is in a state of formation and development, they get tired faster, their attention is less stable, and their muscle strength is not sufficiently developed. They react to certain stimuli to a greater extent than adults.

Young wrestlers experience rapid growth in body length (up to 10 cm per year). Ossification of the spine, chest, pelvis and limbs does not end at this age. Therefore, we are very careful to use exercises to develop strength and flexibility so as not to interfere with bone growth. At the same time, the great elasticity of the ligamentous apparatus contributes to the development of flexibility and mobility in the joints in children.

The functional capabilities of the muscular system in adolescents and boys are lower than in adults. Therefore, exercises for the development of strength and endurance should be used in a certain sequence, gradually increasing the load.

Research by Professor V. Farfel showed that from about 15 years of age, purposeful development of strength can begin. This is facilitated by a noticeable increase in the transverse dimensions of the body.

In classes with adolescents and boys, according to the recommendations of specialists, the peculiarities of their cardiovascular system should also be taken into account. In particular, at this age there is a relatively slow increase in the lumen of the arteries, the activity of the heart and blood vessels is not sufficiently regulated by the brain.

The youthful body does not have the ability to maintain a high level of performance for a long time. Adolescents and boys get tired quickly, but also quickly restore their strength. At the same time, the restoration of strength occurs only when athletes receive small or optimal loads. Therefore, to maintain performance throughout the time, frequent breaks for rest should be taken.

The respiratory organs of young athletes also have their own characteristics. The increase in chest perimeter occurs more slowly than the growth of the body in length. This circumstance limits the development of the respiratory system, although pulmonary ventilation reaches 3400 cm3. Imperfection of respiratory regulation during physical exercises with high loads can lead to a violation of the respiratory rhythm.

At the age of 14-15, boys develop the ability to think logically, analyze their actions and behavior. Young athletes strive to be like adults, strive for independence. The coach's task is to encourage the development of positive qualities in athletes involved in sports activities.

Young athletes tend to overestimate their strengths, undertake exercises that do not correspond to their physical development. Therefore, they should be strictly controlled.

Taking into account the age characteristics of adolescents and boys allows for a better organization of the educational process.

Boys experience their successes and failures to a greater extent than adults. Therefore, attention should be paid to developing the ability to correctly evaluate their actions at each lesson.

The process of training with teenage boys should be carried out systematically and consistently. Regular attendance at classes creates the prerequisites for mastering the fighter's technique without harm to the health of these young athletes. Certain material often needs to be repeated. In the process of training, individual "buildings", ideas, concepts, are connected into a whole system.

In adolescence, comprehensive physical training is of primary importance. Its goal is the formation of correct posture, comprehensive physical development, the development of special qualities for further mastery of technical actions. Speed, agility and flexibility develop more easily in boys aged 12-14; strength increases in boys aged 15-16, and the ability to perform speed-strength exercises appears.

Strength development in adolescence should be carried out mainly by speed-strength exercises. In boys aged 14-15, strength is developed mainly by exercises with dumbbells, stuffed balls, with a partner, on gymnastic equipment, in boys aged 16, strength exercises are complicated by increasing the weight of the equipment, changing the starting position, increasing the time for performing exercises, and reducing rest between exercises. Studies by Professor A.V. Koropkov have shown that muscle strength indicators in adolescents and boys (calculated per 1 kg of their own weight) are approaching those of adults who do not engage in sports by the age of 13-15.

In classes, the interval method of performing exercises is usually used. Training fights are held with frequent breaks for rest. Gradually, as they adapt to the load, rest periods are shortened. Then the time for performing exercises increases, and the pace of fighting increases. To develop endurance, fights in different conditions should be used: not limited by space, with a partner taller or heavier, fights with several partners in a row. Such tasks teach boys to find a way out of any positions created in a fight. Flexibility and mobility in the joints in boys aged 14-15 are developed by exercises with small weights (gymnastic stick, stuffed ball, dumbbells, kettlebells, barbell).

Along with physical qualities, students should systematically develop strong-willed qualities: courage, endurance, confidence, initiative, perseverance. Strong-willed qualities are manifested in the process of overcoming certain difficulties. Such difficulties include: a large weight of the projectile, a strong opponent, overcoming pain in battle, performing a difficult technique, unforeseen circumstances in competitions.

When teaching young athletes the tactics of hand-to-hand combat, experts advise taking into account the fact that a duel for them is a game. In this game, they learn the rules, learn to rationally use tactical means to achieve victory. That is why the game method should be widely used.

The coach's task is to teach students to respect their sports opponents. To teach students to fight actively, but without excessive passion, to encourage a fight saturated with technical actions and to condemn rude actions.

The training of boys should be divided into two main stages: the stage of early training and sports specialization. At the first stage (up to 13-14 years old), comprehensive physical development and the formation of basic motor skills take place, which allows later to move on to in-depth sports specialization. During the first year of training, no official competitions are held, with the exception of control tests on physical fitness. Only at the second stage, the volume of special training increases significantly and the boy is prepared for high achievements.

At 14-15 years old, there is a great danger of overstrain, when athletes are already able to exert great efforts, but the cardiovascular, nervous and hormonal systems are not yet able to ensure the full implementation of training and competition activities.

The first stage is the stage of initial training, only basic. Its main task is to ensure further sports specialization. Various means are used aimed at increasing overall physical fitness and improving health.

The volume of general physical training facilities is 70% in the first year of training. Young hand-to-hand combatants participate in competitions only after a year of training, having learned to perform technical actions with active enemy resistance. At the stage of initial training, only preparatory and control competitions are held. They are an integral part of the educational and training process, allowing to control the effectiveness of mastering the program material.

At the beginning of specialized basic training, the main place is occupied by general and auxiliary training, exercises from related sports are widely used, technical training is improved. The second half of the training stage becomes more specialized.

At this stage, means are widely used that allow increasing the functional potential of the athlete's body without using a large amount of work, as close in nature as possible to the activity of the competition.

In hand-to-hand combat, large amounts of work aimed at increasing aerobic capabilities should be carefully performed. Athletes aged 14-15 easily cope with such work, as a result, their aerobic energy system capabilities increase dramatically and on this basis, sports results increase dramatically. In this regard, in practice, training at this age often plans to perform large volumes of work with relatively low intensity.

The specific feature of this period is that, on the one hand, in terms of the level of mental development, this is a typical childhood era, on the other - we have a growing person in front of us, in the complex activity of which a focus on a new nature of social observations is clearly outlined. He really enters into new forms of relationships, communication, tries to understand their nature, and self-determines himself. The most important fact of physical development in adolescence is puberty, the beginning of the functioning of the gonads. And although it is not the only source of psychological characteristics of this age, having only an indirect impact on the development of the personality through the child's relationship to the world around him, we cannot deny that it brings a lot of new things to the life of a teenager. Puberty provokes intensive growth of the skeleton, reaching 10 cm per year, which is ahead of the development of muscles. All this leads to some disproportion of the body, adolescent clumsiness. Children often feel awkward and awkward at this time. Secondary sexual characteristics appear - external signs of puberty, and also at different times in different children. Due to rapid development, difficulties arise in the functioning of the heart, lungs, and blood supply to the brain. Therefore, adolescents are characterized by fluctuations in vascular and muscle tone. And such fluctuations cause a rapid change in physical condition and, accordingly, mood. In adolescence, the emotional background becomes uneven and unstable. To this it should be added that the child is forced to constantly adapt to the physical and physiological changes taking place in his body, to experience the very “hormonal storm”.

Due to the rapid growth and restructuring of the body in adolescence, interest in one's appearance increases sharply. A new image of the physical "I" is formed. Due to its hypertrophied significance, children acutely experience all defects in appearance, real and imaginary. Disproportion of body parts, awkwardness of movements, irregularity of facial features, skin that loses its childish purity, excess weight or thinness - everything worries, and sometimes leads to a feeling of inferiority, isolation, even neurosis.

The central and specific neoplasm in the personality of a teenager is the emergence of the idea that he is no longer a child (a feeling of adulthood); the effective side of this idea is manifested in the desire to be and be considered an adult. The specific social activity of a teenager consists in a great susceptibility to the assimilation of norms, values, and ways of behavior that exist in the world of adults and in their relationships.

At the beginning of adolescence, a situation arises that threatens to lead to contradictions if the adult still treats the teenager as if he were a child. This attitude, on the one hand, conflicts with the tasks of upbringing and hinders the development of the teenager's social maturity, and on the other hand, it conflicts with the teenager's idea of the degree of his own maturity and his claims to new rights.

It is necessary to find such a degree of independence that would correspond to the teenager's capabilities, social requirements for him and allow the adult to guide him, influence him. It is precisely cooperation that allows the adult to put the teenager in a new position - his assistant in various affairs and activities, and himself to become a model and friend for him.

A teenager's communication with peers performs a specific function: in the practice of these relationships, the morality of adults is assimilated (and thus the child's socio-moral maturity develops), and the central content of this morality - the norms of equality, loyalty and collegiality - is antagonistic to the norms of "morality of obedience" in relation to the child and the adult.

These features of the psychology of a teenager should be taken into account by the coach when forming a team, healthy relationships between its participants, and trying to eliminate moments of aggression. At this stage of growing up, the coach faces the difficult task of being an example and authority in the eyes of a teenager.

Many children are intensively involved in various sports. Sport is one of the few areas of activity of children that they can actively engage in and which has a certain meaning for themselves.

The peak of sports activity for most children falls on the age of 14. According to age psychology, this age is critical in terms of social development and the formation of a child's self-esteem. Thus, playing sports at this age can have a significant positive impact on a person and their mental development (R.S. Weinberg, D. Gould, 2001).

According to the special literature, children with a low level of perception of their abilities do not play sports (or stop playing) unlike children with high levels of perceived competence. This means that it is necessary to find ways to increase the level of perceived competence. In this regard, children can be taught to evaluate their performances based on their own standards of improving results, and not based on the results of the competition (victory or defeat).

General characteristics of modern hand-to-hand combat.

The emergence of hand-to-hand combat is inextricably linked with the development of society. After all, the entire history of civilization is replete with military conflicts. The earliest mentions of hand-to-hand combat are found in the era of the countries of the Middle East, India and China. And the first monuments of fine art with scenes of duels date back to the 4th-3rd millennia BC. For example, an image of two men fighting on a limestone slab for sacrifices was found in Mesopotamia. Or a slab showing a duel using spears. A relief with a scene of a fist fight is known, dating back to the second half of the 3rd millennium BC. The earliest monument of Egyptian culture associated with wrestling is an image of a series of movements discovered in the tomb of Feohhoten (mid-3rd millennium BC) in Saqqara.

The definition of "hand-to-hand combat" is based on two terms, one of which is "hand", indicating directly the participation of the hands in the intended type of activity, and the second is a modified "foot", that is, indicating the work of the legs, in the intended type of activity, namely - fighting. Thus, hand-to-hand combat can be defined as a method of conducting contact combat using the functional abilities of the hands and feet, but no more, that is, without the use of any improvised equipment.

The modern commercial sports industry has quite clearly defined Hand-to-hand combat as a martial art that meets all the requirements of established views on the art of combat from the point of view of orthodox sports practice. On the other hand, it so happened that hand-to-hand combat is to a greater extent the property of the armed forces and security forces, under the auspices of which this discipline is popularized.

Hand-to-hand combat is a contact speed-power type of sport. It makes high demands on the strength and functional training of fighters. In hand-to-hand combat, points are awarded for a clean hit with a hand to the head - 1 point, a kick - 2 points. For an effective hit with a hand or foot into the body - 1 point. You can win a fight by inflicting pain on any part of the body (arm or leg). Likewise, points are awarded for throwing technique. In full-contact hand-to-hand combat, sparring is conducted non-stop, except for dangerous violations of the rules that threaten the health of the athletes. Only hits and throws performed at full strength are evaluated. Finishing on the floor with hands and feet is allowed, in particular in the back and head. Painful and suffocating techniques are allowed.

A fighter entering a fight must carefully plan the fight, be psychologically and technically prepared, extremely careful and rely only on himself. He must be ready not only to deliver, but also to receive strong blows. He must behave adequately to the situation, this is the guarantee of his safety. This is a completely different, modern psychology of combat, which requires a different, real approach to training, especially among professionals.

It is fair to note the disadvantages of contact wrestling, of which there are also many. It is well known that not all applicants achieve significant success in contact matches. People with a weak psyche, limited vision and a number of other physical disabilities have a lot of special problems.

Not everyone can practice regularly for 2-3 years to acquire even minimal skills.

Competitions are held on a wrestling mat, according to the Olympic system with elimination after one defeat. Duration of matches: From a minute (final - 4 minutes).

Research methods and organization. The purpose and objectives of the research

The purpose of the study is to analyze the psychological state of young martial artists and the influence of the autogenic training method on it during training sessions and competitive activities.

Based on the purpose of the research, the following tasks were set:

To study the state of the problem in the special literature at the modern stage of the development of hand-to-hand combat.

To determine some indicators of psychological training of boys 14-15 years old who are engaged in hand-to-hand combat at the basic stage of training.

To reveal the influence of autogenic training on the psychological preparation of young athletes during training and competitive activities.

Research methods

The following research methods were used to solve the tasks: analysis of literary sources, pedagogical observation, questionnaires, pedagogical experiment, methods of mathematical statistics, method of autogenic training

Research organization

In accordance with the goal and objectives, during the academic year, training was conducted in two groups of young martial artists engaged in hand-to-hand combat in the martial arts club "Ronin" in Zaporizhia. They formed an experimental and control group, 10 athletes in each.

The experimental group used a method of mental training, which was recognized as the autogenic training (AT) method. To determine the effectiveness of the AAT method proposed to the experimental group, athletes of both groups were tested using the reactive anxiety scale according to Ch. Spielberger [5,96,97]. Heart rate indicators were also determined, and data on the effectiveness of attacking actions during model competitions and athletes' participation in the Zaporizhia region championship were analyzed.

Training, according to the recommendations of special literature and the age of athletes, was conducted 5 times a week, their duration was 120 minutes (2 hours). In both groups (experimental and control), classes were conducted using the same methods, which were approved by the pedagogical council of the Ronin club, and corresponded to the general training programs for hand-to-hand combat.

Terms and stages of the research.

The research was conducted from September 1, 2008 to May 1, 2009 and consisted of two stages:

Stage 1 - from September 1 to December 28, 2008;

Stage 2 - from January 10 to May 1, 2009. .

During this period, the indicators were monitored in accordance with the research objectives. It consisted of three stages:

Stage 1 - a ascertaining experiment, in order to identify the initial indicators that characterize the psychological state of athletes aged 14-15 years of the experimental and control groups at the time of the beginning of the study;

Stage 2 - registration of indicators in the experimental group after the first stage of the pedagogical experiment and a ascertaining experiment in the control group;

Stage 3 - registration of indicators in the experimental group after the second stage of the pedagogical experiment and a ascertaining experiment in the control group.

At the first stage, the following indicators were determined: heart rate in a state of relative rest and immediately before model competitions between the experimental and control groups on the basis of the "Ronin" sports club. Also, before the competitions, a test was conducted to determine the level of anxiety according to the Spielberger method and indicators of attacking actions during competitive activities were recorded.

The purpose of the second stage was to determine and analyze the dynamics of the indicated indicators after the first stage of the pedagogical experiment. The task of this stage was to confirm the assumptions regarding the positive impact of the proposed method of autogenic training on the psychological state of martial artists.

At the third stage, the following were determined: heart rate at rest and immediately before the main competitions of the year for this age category - the Zaporizhzhia Region Hand-to-Hand Combat Championship. As in the previous stages of the study, a test was conducted before the competitions to determine the level of anxiety according to the Spielberger method. Also, the indicators of the effectiveness of attacking actions during the competitions in which all participants in the study (athletes of the experimental and control groups) took part were recorded.

The level of training of athletes of the control and experimental groups corresponded to the basic stage of many years of training of athletes.

To assess the effectiveness of the fighter's attacking actions, the number of blows (throws, interceptions, etc.) performed by the athlete (N) and the number of blows (throws, interceptions, etc.) that reached the target (n) were counted. The ratio n/N, according to the recommendations of the special literature, was considered as the coefficient of attacking actions: the higher the coefficient, the higher the indicator of the effectiveness of the technique, in particular - of attacking actions.

C. Spielberger Test:

C. Spielberger Test belongs to the methods that study the psychological phenomenon of anxiety in sports. It is a questionnaire consisting of 20 statements related to anxiety as a state (state of anxiety, reactive or situational anxiety). The state of anxiety is characterized by subjective, consciously perceived feelings of threat and tension. It is accompanied by the excitation of the autonomic nervous system associated with activation. Anxiety, as a boundary of a person, means a motive or acquired behavioral disposition that obliges an individual to perceive a wide range of objectively safe circumstances as containing a threat, prompting them to react to them with states of anxiety, the intensity of which does not correspond to the magnitude of the real danger. C. Spielberger's Reactive Anxiety Scale is the only method that allows for differential measurement of anxiety both as a personality trait and as a state.

Reactive (situational) anxiety is the state of the subject at a given moment in time, which is characterized by emotions that are subjectively experienced: tension, anxiety, concern, nervousness in a given specific situation. This state arises as an emotional reaction to an extreme or stressful situation, can vary in intensity and be dynamic in time.

The test is given in Appendix A.

For psychological training in the experimental group, the method of autogenic training (AT) was used, which was divided into separate parts: calming and mobilizing.

Calming part of AT:

relaxation of muscles;

calming of internal organs;

calming of the nervous system

Mobilizing part of AT:

working out the feeling of coolness;

working out the feeling of lightness;

activating the body.

According to the special literature, the first part is usually used in cases where it is necessary to calm down and relax after training, before going to bed, to relieve unnecessary excitement and tension before and after competitions.

The second - to prepare the athlete's body for competitive performance, to eliminate lethargy, apathy, relieve tension, etc.

The program for conducting the calming and mobilizing parts of AUT is given in Appendices B and C.

Results of the research

The pedagogical experiment was conducted during the 2008-2009 academic year in two groups of young martial artists engaged in hand-to-hand combat in the martial arts club "Ronin" in Zaporizhia. They formed an experimental and control group, 10 athletes in each.

According to the recommendations of the special literature, it was decided to apply the method of psychological training - autogenic training (AUT) in the experimental group. To determine the initial data, athletes of the experimental and control groups were tested using the reactive anxiety scale according to Ch. Spielberger [5,97-99]. Heart rate indicators at rest and during performance in model competitions were also determined. In order to study the psychological state of young martial artists in more depth, data on the effectiveness of attacking actions during competitive activity were analyzed.

Training, according to the age of athletes and in accordance with the recommendations of specialists, was conducted 5 times a week. The duration of each session was 120 minutes (2 hours). They were conducted in both groups (experimental and control) using the same methods, which were approved by the pedagogical council of the Ronin club, and corresponded to the general training programs for hand-to-hand combat.

The research was conducted in two stages:

Stage 1 - from September 1 to December 28, 2008;

Stage 2 - from January 10 to May 1, 2009.

During the research period, the control of indicators characterizing the psychological preparation of young martial artists was carried out. It consisted of three stages:

the first stage of control was carried out as a ascertaining experiment, in order to identify the initial indicators characterizing the psychological state of athletes 14-15 years old of the experimental and control groups at the time of the beginning of the study;

the second stage of control consisted in the registration of indicators after the first stage of the pedagogical experiment in the experimental group and the ascertaining experiment in the control group;

at the third stage, the last registration of indicators of this study in the experimental group was carried out after the second stage of the pedagogical experiment and the ascertaining experiment in the control group.

The results of the dynamics of changes in heart rate are presented in Table 3.1

heart rate

N - the number of blows (throws, hooks, etc.) performed by the athlete

n/N - the coefficient of attacking actions.

RT - reactive anxiety.

A specific feature of sport is that it is impossible to fully adapt to loads, a high level of preparedness of the athlete, if there is no pronounced mental tension, fatigue or stress. Without a specific study of the psychological characteristics of each of the sports, it is impossible to scientifically substantiate training methods in these sports.

The object of the study is the competitive and training process of young martial artists.

The subject of the study is autogenic training as a means of psychological training of young martial artists in the process of training and competitive activities.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the psychological state of young martial artists and the influence of the autogenic training method on it during training and competitive activities.

Tasks:

To study the features of psychological training at the current stage of development of hand-to-hand combat. What are the indicators of psychological training of boys aged 14-15 who are engaged in hand-to-hand combat at the basic stage of training.

To identify the influence of autogenic training on the psychological training of young athletes during training and competitive activities.

Research methods: analysis of literary sources, pedagogical research methods, questionnaires, pedagogical experiment, methods of mathematical statistics and the method of autogenic training.

The theoretical significance of this work lies in substantiating the methodology of psychological training of young athletes (wrestlers), as well as in substantiating the principles that influence the planning of psychological training of athletes 14-15 years old.

Structure of the work. The work consists of an introduction, 3 sections, general conclusions, bibliography (105), 3 tables, 3 graphs and appendices.

Approbation of the work. The results of the study were discussed at pedagogical meetings and were implemented in work with groups of basic training of young athletes in a sports club.

Analysis of literary sources on the topic of the study. General characteristics of psychological training in sports

As a result of the use of autogenic training in the experimental group, the coefficient of attacking actions increased, as evidenced by the data in Table 3.3

Thus, the study analyzed the dynamics of three different indicators (heart rate, anxiety level and coefficient of attacking actions) and found that the use of the autogenic training method is relevant for the psychological training of young martial artists.

As a result of the study and analysis of sources of special literature, it was found that today not enough attention is paid to the topic of the psychological state of martial artists 14-15 years old at the stage of basic training during training and competitive activities, which fully corresponds to the relevance of our study.

As a result of determining the psychological training of young athletes, changes in the indicators of the level of anxiety according to the C. Spielberger test were found to be significantly different in the experimental group when using autogenic training.

When detecting the influence of autogenic training on the psychological state of 14-15 year old martial artists during competitions, positive changes in heart rate (HR) were registered to a significantly significant value, which indicates the effectiveness of the method used for this age group.

Analysis of the coefficient of attacking actions in the experimental group during competitions indicates the effectiveness of using the autogenic training method compared to the indicators of the control group.

The results of the research can be used in the practice of coaches and specialists in the training of martial artists.